Learning is the process where they acquire new abilities, skills, knowledge, behaviors, or values as a result of the study, experience, training, reasoning and observation. Other definitions for "learning" can taken from the class modules, for example:
Memorize knowledge to use when its needed.
Create connections to achieve the sense of a thing.
Interpreting and understanding to achieve a good comprehension.
From these meanings we can say that there are kwon 4 types of perspective on learning, that can be classified as this:
• Behaviorist approach
It is a model of stimulus and response.
The behavioral approach explains the behavior by the method of observation and the belief that our environment is what makes us behave differently or suffer disease. The main categories of behaviorism are:
o Classical Behaviorism “a purely objective experimental branch of natural science". (by John B. Watson, with his publication of "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It")
o Methodological Behaviorism: it is a physical research.
o Radical Behaviorism: All are action are explained by natural facts.
In this perpective of learning are 5 technics that are use to control personal behavior:
o Classical conditioning
o Operant conditioning
o Reinforcement
• Cognitive approach
Deals with the mental process of individuals and the resolution of problems, thus opposed to the method of behaviorism. The cognitive principle is the need to develop strategies and plans, not only deals with the habits.
• Key principles:
– Well organized instructions
– Clearly structured instructions
– Perception plays a role in task acceptance
– Prior knowledge is important
– Differences between individuals count
– Cognitive feedback is the most powerful rewards
(Taken from Model 11, Class note, Lecture: Cristina Robledo)
• Humanistic approach
Abraham Maslow
His theory emphasizes motivation as the key to understanding human behavior.
• Social / situational approach
This method refers that individual learn from the social community, and are the reflect of that particularly society that it belong to.
Organizational Learning.
3 definitin to Organizational Learning.
“Learning organizations [are] organizations where people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free, and where people are continually learning to see the whole together”. (Senge 1990: 3).
“The Learning Company is a vision of what might be possible. It is not brought about simply by training individuals; it can only happen as a result of learning at the whole organization level. A Learning Company is an organization that facilitates the learning of all its members and continuously transforms itself”. (Pedler et. al. 1991: 1)
Learning organizations are characterized by total employee involvement in a process of collaboratively conducted, collectively accountable change directed towards shared values or principles. (Watkins and Marsick 1992: 118)( http://www.infed.org/biblio/learning-organization.htm).
• Adaptive vs. proactive learning
Proacting – welling to change.
Adapting –is the reaction of changes in the environment.
• Experiential learning
Experience as the key sour of learning
• Kolb’s learning styles
• Single loop and double loop learning
Single loop – Action – Result
Double loop – Belief – Action - Result
• Communities of practice
Learning is a social process where all the community are interacting with each other and all practices are known by the community.
It has 3 characteristic: the domain, that refers to has the same interest, the community, and the practices.
• Informal learning
Learning is taken the point of view knowledge should be the ability to created capabilities and not to achieve information.
References
http://www.psychologistworld.com/issues/behavioralapproach.php
http://www.ryerson.ca/~glassman/cog
